DE ECONOMIST 113, NR. 5, 1970ENGELA

DE ECONOMIST 113, NR. 5, 1970
ENGELAND EN DE EUROPESE TECHNISCHE
SAMENWERKING
DOOR
DRS. J. N. F. BAKKER
1. Inleiding
Op 30 juni j.1. zijn ten tweeden male de onderhandelingen met het
Verenigd Koninkrijk over de toetreding tot de Europese Economische
Gemeenschap begonnen. Na een advies van de Commissie van
de Europese Gemeenschappen aan de Raad van Ministers, 1 en de
besluiten van de Haagse Conferentie Van staatshoofden en ministers
van buitenlandse zaken in december 1969, alsmede het in dit voorjaar
bereikte accoord over de financiering van het gemeenschappelijke
landbouwbeleid en de (bescheiden) uitbreiding van de bevoegdheden
van het Europese Parlement waren de laatste hinderpalen
voor nieuwe onderhandelingen weggenomen.
Het bovengenoemde advies is, voor wat de economische aspecten
van de toetreding betreft, i.h.b, ingegaan op de douaneunie, her
landbouwbeleid, de industrifile ontwikkeling en het associatiebeleid
met betrekking tot de ontwikkelingslanden. De onmiddellijke consequenties
voor de Engelse eeonomie lijken niet gunstig; naast de gevolgen
die het aanvaarden van de douanetarieven van de Europese
Economische Gemeenschap heeft voor de positie van de Britse industrie
(die immers thans in doorsnee meer bescherming geniet dan
de industrie in de Gemeenschap omdat bet niveau van de Britse invoerrechten
hoger is dan dat van de Europese Economische Gemeenschap)
worden de Engelsen geconfronteerd met stijgende prijzen
voor levensmiddelen en dreigen betalingsbalansproblemen als gevolg
van de omvangrijke Britse bijdrage aan het Europese landbouwfonds.
2 Daartegenover staat evenwel dat door toetreding de Britse
1 Advies van de Commiss~e san de Raad van Ministers betreffende de vemoeken om toetreding
van bet Verenigd Koninkrijk, Ierland, Denemarken en.Noorwegen dd LI o. 69, Brussel
1969.
2 Zie her Witboek van de Engelse regering aan het Parlement Britain and the European
Communities. An Economic Assessment, CMND 4289, EIMSO, Londen 1970, alsmede her
eommentaar hierop ill The Economist 14 februari 1970, blz. 10--12. ENGELAND EN DE EUROPESE TECHNISCHE SAMENWERKING 441
economie op langere termijn kansen verwerft om uit de frustrerende
'stop-go' cyclus te geraken 3 die het land sedert her einde van de
laatste wereldoorlog zoveel schade heeft berokkend. Daarvoor is
het echter noodzakelijk dat o.a. de Britse industrie wordt gemoderniseerd
met behulp van de toepassing van de jongste resultaten
van wetenschappelij k onderzoek en technische ontwikkeling en dat de
bedrijfsvoering van de Britse industri~le ondernemingen wordt verbeterd,
waardoor her groeitempo van de industri~le productie en bet
re~le inkomen per hoofd der beroepsbevolking meer aansluiting kan
vinden bij dat van de EEG-landen.
De specifieke voordelen voor de huidige EEG-landen zijn voornamelijk
de ruimere afzetmogelijkheden van landbouwproducten en de
vergroting van het draagvlak van de communautaire landbouwfinanciering.
Gezamenlijke voordelen voor alle partners van een grotere
gemeenschap ontstaan bovendien door uitbreiding van de onderlinge
handel en daarmee van her afzetgebied voor industrieproducten
en de groeiende speelruimte van de vergrote EEG bij de uitvoering
van het gemeenschappelijk onderzoek-en ontwikkelingsbeleid. 4
In het hiernavolgende zal in de eerste plaats de economische achtergrond
van het Westeuropese integratiestreven worden belicht met
behulp van een kort overzicht van de factoren die deze integratie
bevorderen. Daarna volgt een samenvatting van de stand van zaken
bij bet tot dusverre gevoerde gemeenschappelijke beleid op bet gebied
van de technische ontwikkeling, waarbij wordt aangegeven
welke mogelijkheden een eventuele toetreding van Engeland 5iedt
tot een vergroting van de effectiviteit van dit beleid. Tenslotte worden
enkele voorwaarden behandeld waaraan moet worden v01daan
opdat de toetreding van Engeland op industrieel en technisch gebied
tot een succes zal kunnen leiden.
Op de politieke en institutionele aspecten kan niet worden ingegaan;
de behandeling blijft derhalve beperkt tot economische factoren.
Ook zullen de (belangrijke) consequenties van de Britse toetreding
voor het associatiebeleid en de handelspolitiek ten opzichte van
de landen van de z.g. 'derde wereld' buiten beschouwing blijven.
2. Enkde economische achtergronden van her Eur@ese integratiestreven
De onderlinge afhankelijkheid van de Europese ~taten is op econo-
3 Zie Th. Peeters en J. P. Abraham, Voordelen van toetreding voor de Britse economie,
Economisch-Statistische Berichten, 28 j anuari 1970, blz. 112-116.
4 Zie Advies van de Commissie aan de Raad van Ministers betreMende de verzoeken om
toetreding, t.a.p., blz. 66. 442 DRS. J. N.F. BAKKER
misch gebied gedurende de laatste tien j aren in beduidende mate toegenomen.
Enkele cijfers kunnen deze ontwikkeling toelichten. Bedroeg
in 1958 de onderlinge handel van de Westeuropese landen nog
21.4% van de totale wereldhandel, in 1968 was dit percentage gestegen
tot 27.2o/0 . Voor de EEG-landen bedroegen deze cijfers 7.1 ~/o
resp 12.1°/o. 50ok indien de exporten worden gerelateerd aan bet
bruto nationaal product komt men tot de conclusie dat de onderlinge
afhankelijkheid is toegenomen; zo blijkt dat indien uitsluitend de
wederzijdse handel binnen de EEG in aanmerking wordt genomen de
bijdrage van de export tot het bruto nationaal product in lopende
marktprijzen in deze tien jaren toeneemt van 4.5% tot 7.6%.6
Deze vergrote onderlinge afhankelijkheid heeft uiteraard consequenties
voor het economisch beleid van de overheid; zo is b.v. onlangs
7 berekend dat een stijging van de overheidsuitgaven van WestDuitsland
met 5~ tengevolge kan hebben dat her bruto nationaal
product in Frankrijk toeneemt met 1.5% ofwel ca een kwart van de
jaarlijkse economische groei van dit land. Met is dus al niet meer te
verdedigen dat de regering van de Bondsrepubliek zich niet hoeft te
bekommeren omtrent de repercussies van haar economisch-politieke
maatregelen voor de partnerlanden.
Op monetair terrein heeft deze toegenomen afhankelijkheid eveneens
belangrijke en verstekkende gevolgen. De Westduitse economische
politick, diei.h.b, gericht is op handhaving van een stabiel binnenlands
prijsniveau (tot uitdrukking komend in pogingen de stijging
van bet prijspeil te beperken tot enkele percenten per jaar) kan zoals
in het verleden reeds is gebleken worden gefrustreerd indien in de
belangrijkste handelspartners aan een snelle procentuele groei van
her re~el bruto nationaal product als doelstelling voorrang wordt
gegeven boven het zo stabiel mogelijk houden van het prijspeil.
West-Duitsland kan niet voortdurend door middel van revaluaties
proberen een eigen weg te blijven volgen. Nog afgezien van de bezwaren
die een dergelij ke gedragslijn heeft voor bet functioneren van
de gemeenschappelijke markt is deze politick op den duur niet meer
in overeenstemming te brengen met de doelstelling van de monetaire
unie.
5 Zie G.A.T.T., international Trade x965, Gen~ve 1966, Tabel D, alsmede International
Trade z968, Gen~ve 1969, tabel G.
Zie O.E.C.D., National Accounts o/O.E.C.D. Countries x95o-68 , Parijs 1970, alsmede
voetnoot 5.
7 Zie S. A. Resnick, An Empirical Study of Economic Policy in the Common Market, in
A. Ando c.s., Studies in Economic Stabilization, The Brookings Institution, Washington
1968, blz. 184-214. ENGELAND EN DE EUROPESE TECHNISCHE SAMENWERKING 443
Doch ook op technisch gebied is de noodzaak te komen tot een
grotere Westeuropese samenwerking evident. De belangrijkste reden
hiervoor is het feit dat in hoogontwikkelde economiefin een voortzetting
van de groei van her inkomen in toenemende mate afhankelijk
wordt van de technische vooruitgang. In alle Westeuropese landen
is thans het stadium bereikt dat niet zozeer de kwantitatieve
groei van de beroepsbevolking (die i.h.b, in Nederland en Frankrijk
van belang is) of de kapitaalgoederenvoorraad, doch vooral de kwalitatieve
verbetering als gevolg van meer onderwijs en technische kennis
en van detoepassingen daar op economisch gebied de groei van
bet inkomen bevordert, s M.a.w., de toekomstige groei van het inkomen
wordt steeds meer afhankelijk van enerzijds een verbetering van
de kwaliteit van de beroepsbevolking via een verhoging van her
opleidingsniveau en anderzijds van een kwalitatief betere kapitaalgoederenvoorraad
door deze met de resultaten van de nieuwste technische
vindingen te verbinden.
Het verband tussen technische vooruitgang en groei van het inkomen
is echter niet eenzijdig; omgekeerd kan men betogen dat een
vergroting van de marktomvang als gevolg van de groei van her inkomen
een noodzakelijke voorwaarde is voor een verdere technische
ontwikkeling. Vooral rijke landen met een omvangrijke markt kunnen
relatief veel middelen onttrekken aan alternatieve bestemmingen
en deze gebruiken voor een verbetering van bet onderwijs en een
verhoging van de uitgaven voor onderzoek en ontwikkeling op een
groot aantal terreinen. Het is daarom ook niet toevallig dat een land
als de Verenigde Staten een technische voorsprong heeft weten te
verkrijgen die volgens sommigen thans verontrustende afmetingen
heeft aangenomen en er mede toe heeft geleid dat in hoofdzaak Amerikaanse
ondernemingen tot dusverre de kansen, die door de marktvergroting
in de Europese Economische Gemeenschap worden geboden,
hebben weten te benutten.
Economische integratie, monetaire integratie, overheidsbeleid en
technische ontwikkeling kunnen dus slechts in samenhang met een
snelle groei van de gemeenschappelijke markt worden bezien.
In her hiernavolgende zal een korte schets worden gegeven van de
pogingen die tot dusverre zijn gedaan tot een gemeenschappelijk beleid
t.a.v, het wetenschappelijk onderzoek en de technische ontwikkeling
te komen. Hierbij zal niet worden ingegaan op de verschillen-
8 Zie E. F. Denison en J. P. Poullier, Why Growth Rates DiMer, Washington 1967. 444 DRS. J. N. F. BAKKER
de pogingen langs intergouvernementele weg op dit gebied successen
te behalen; de geschiedenis van dit beleid is genoegzaam beken

Результаты (английский) 1:

The ECONOMIST 113, no. 5, 1970ENGLAND AND EUROPEAN TECHNICALCOOPERATIONBYDRS. J. N. F. B.1. introductionOn June 30, j. 1. his negotiations with the second timeUnited Kingdom on accession to the European economicCommunity started. After a Commission opinion ofthe European communities to the Council of Ministers, 1 and thedecisions of the Hague Conference of Heads of State and ministersof Foreign Affairs in december 1969, as well as in this springreached agreement on the financing of the commonagricultural policy and the (modest) extension of the powersof the European Parliament were the final obstaclesremoved for new negotiations.The above advice is, for which the economic aspectsof accession, in particular, addressed the Customs Union, heragricultural policy, the policy development and the Association industrifilewith regard to the developing countries. The immediate consequencesfor the English eeonomie seem not favorable; In addition to the consequencesthose accepting the customs tariffs of the EuropeanEconomic Community has for the position of the British industry(which is now in diameter more protection thanthe Community industry because bet level of the British import dutieshigher than that of the European Economic Community)the English are faced with rising pricesfor food and threaten balance of payments problems as a resultof the extensive British contribution to the European agricultural fund.2 on the other hand, however, that the British accession1 opinion of the Commission, the Council of Ministers on the ~ e san vemoeken for membershipUnited Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and from bet.Norway dd LI o. 69, Brussels1969.2 see her white paper by the English Government to Britain and the European ParliamentCommunities. An Economic Assessment, CMND 4289, EIMSO, London 1970, as well as herThis ill eommentaar The Economist February 14, 1970, p. 1. 10--12. ENGLAND and the EUROPEAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION 441economy in the longer term, acquires from the frustrating opportunities' stop go ' to get 3 that the country cycle since her end of thelast world war has caused so much damage. For this isIt is necessary that the British industry is modernizedusing the application of the latest resultsresearch and technical development of scholarly articles on k and that themanagement of the British industri ~ le enterprises is improved,minimizing growth rate of industrial production and bet ~ leper capita income of re ~ le workforce more connection canwith that of the EEC countries.The specific benefits for the current EEC countries are mainlythe wider market of agricultural products and theincreasing support of Community agricultural funding.Joint benefits for all partners of a largerIn addition, by increasing community arisetrade and hence her sales area for industrial productsand the growing scope of the enlarged EEC in the implementationof the common research and development policy. 4In the following will primarily the economic backgroundof the Western European integration efforts are highlighted withusing a short overview of the factors that this integrationpromote. This is followed by a summary of the State of playcommon policy pursued so far by bet on bet areaof the technical development, indicatingWhat opportunities possible accession of England 5iedtto an increase in the effectiveness of this policy. Finally,some conditions that must be treated v01daanso that industrial and technical area of England on the accessioncan lead to a success.On the political and institutional aspects cannot be accepted;the treatment therefore remains limited to economic factors.Also will the (important) consequences of the British accessionfor the Association policy and commercial policy in relation tothe countries of the so called ' third world ' excluded.2. Enkde economic background of her Eur @ ese integrateThe interdependence of the European ~ results is on econo-3 See th. Peeters and j. p. Abraham, advantages of accession for the British economy,Economic-statistical releases, 28 j anuari 1970, pages. 112-116.4 See Advice from the Commission to the Council of Ministers betreMende requests foraccession, op. cit., p. 1. 66.442 Drs. j. N.F. Beconomic area over the last ten j servants increased in significant degree.Some figures can explain this development. Amounted Toin 1958 the mutual trade of the Western European countries still21.4% of total world trade, this percentage was increased in 1968to 27.2 o/0. For the EEC countries these figures amounted to 7.1 ~/oor 12.1 °/o. 50ok if the exports are related to betgross national product arrives at the conclusion that the mutualdependence has increased; as it turns out that in cases where only themutual trade within the EEC is taken into account thecontribution of the export to the gross national product in currentmarket prices in these ten years increases by 4.5% to 7.6%. 6This increased interdependence of course has consequencesof the economic policies of the Government; so is e.g. recently7 calculated that an increase in public expenditure of WestDuitslandwith 5 ~ as a result can have that her gross nationalproduct in France increases with 1.5% or approximately a quarter of theannual economic growth of this country. With is so all to no longerthat the Government of the Federal Republic does not have toconcerned about the repercussions of her economic-politicalmeasures for the partner countries.This increased dependence on monetary area has alsoimportant and default consequences. The West German economicpolitick, diei.h.b, focused on maintaining a stable domesticprice level (expressed in attempts the riseof bet limit prices to several percent per year) can asin the past already has shown be frustrated if, in themajor trading partners to a quick percentage growth ofRe re ~ el gross national product as an objective priority isgiven above it as stable as possible keeping the price level.West-Germany can not constantly through revaluationstry to keep a private road. Quite apart from the objectionswho has a line of conduct for such lengths ke bet functioning ofthe common market is no longer in the long term this politickin line with the objective of monetaryUnion.5 x 965 platforms See Gatt, international Trade, Gen ~ ve 1966, table D, as well as InternationalTrade z968, Gen ~ ve 1969, table G.O.E.C.D. O.E.C.D. Countries, National Accounts, see x95o-o/68, Paris 1970, as well asfootnote 5.7 see s. a. Resnick, An Empirical Study of Economic Policy in the Common Market, inA. Ando c.s., Studies in Economic Stabilization, The Brookings Institution, Washington1968, pages. 184-214. ENGLAND and EUROPEAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION 443But also in the technical field is the need forlarger Western European cooperation evident. The main reasonfor this is the fact that in highly developed economiefin a continuationthe growth of her income in increasingly dependent onof the technical progress. In all Western European countrieshas now reached the stage that rather than the quantitativegrowth of the working population (which in particular, in Netherlands and Franceof interest is the capital stock, but especially the) or qualitativeimprovement due to more education and technical knowledgeand by the growth of the economic sphere there theapplicationsin other words, income promotes, s bet the future growth of the incomeon the other hand is more and more dependent on an improvement inthe quality of the labour force through an increase in herlevel of education and, on the other hand, a better quality capital stockby this with the results of the latest technicaleasy ways to connect.The relationship between technical progress and growth of incomeis not one-sided; Conversely, one can argue that aincreasing the market size due to the growth of her incomea necessary condition for a further technicaldevelopment. Especially rich countries with a big market canrelatively many resources from alternative destinationsand use it for improving education and a betincrease in expenditure for research and development on awide range of areas. It is therefore no coincidence that a countryIf the United States has managed to lead a technicalnow get some disturbing dimensionshas adopted and partly led to mainly Americanenterprises so far chances are, that the market enlargementbe provided in the European economic community,have been able to exploit.Economic integration, monetary integration, Government policy andtechnical development can therefore only in conjunction with arapid growth of the common market be reviewed.In her following a brief outline will be given of theattempts have been made to a common policy so farfor the attention of, scientific research and technical developmentto come. This will not address the differ-8 see e. f. Denison and j. p. Poullier, Why Growth Rates DiMer, Washington 1967. 444 DRS j. n. f. B.the road in this area attempts along intergovernmental successesavailable; the history of this policy is well streams

Результаты (английский) 2:

THE ECONOMIST 113, NO. 5, 1970
ENGLAND AND THE EUROPEAN TECHNICAL
COOPERATION
BY
DRS. JNF BAKER
1. Introduction
On June 30 J.1. his second time the negotiations with the
United Kingdom's accession to the European Economic
Community began. Following a recommendation from the Commission of
the European Communities to the Council of Ministers, 1 and the
decisions of the Hague Conference of Heads of State and Ministers
of Foreign Affairs in December 1969, as well as this spring
reached agreement on the financing of the common
agricultural policy and the (modest) extension of the powers
of the European Parliament were the final obstacles
removed for renegotiation.
The above advice is, what the economics
terms of accession, esp, discusses the customs union, re
agricultural policy, industrial traffic development and the association policy
with regard to developing countries. The immediate consequences
for the English eeonomie seem not favorable; in addition to the effects
that the acceptance of the customs tariffs of the European
Economic Community on the position of British industry
(which, after all, now on average more protection than
the Community industry because it extracts level of British import
is higher than that of the European Economic Community)
, the English are faced with rising prices
for food and threaten balance of payments difficulties due
to the extensive British contribution to the European Agricultural Fund.
2 In contrast, however, is that by joining the British
1 Opinion of the Commiss ~ e san the Council of Ministers on vemoeken to the accession
of bets United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark en.Noorwegen dd LI o. 69, Brussels
1969.
2 See her white paper of the British government to Parliament, Britain and the European
Communities. An Economic Assessment, Cmnd 4289, EIMSO, London 1970 and re
eommentaar this ill The Economist, February 14, 1970, pp. 10-12. ENGLAND AND THE EUROPEAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION 441
economy in the longer term opportunities acquires from the frustrating
to 'stop-go cycle 3 who get the country since her end of the
last war has caused much damage. For this
it is necessary to include the British industry is being modernized
with the use of the latest results
of scienti k research and technical development and the
improved management of the British industrial ~ le enterprises,
which re- growth rate of industrial ~ le production and bet
re ~ le income per head of population more connections can
be found in that of the EEC countries.
The specific advantages of the existing EEC countries are mainly
the broader market opportunities for agricultural products and the
increasing support of the Community agricultural funding.
joint benefits to all partners of a larger
community additionally caused by expansion of mutual
trade and thus re market for industrial products
and the growing scope of the enlarged EEC in the implementation
of the joint research and development. 4
In the following, primarily economic background
are illuminated by the West European integration process, with
the aid of a brief overview of the factors that this integration
promotion. Then follows a summary of the state of affairs
in bet pursued so far common policy on betting area
of technical development, identifying
the opportunities possible accession of England 5iedt
to increasing the effectiveness of this policy. Finally,
some conditions that have to be dealt v01daan
that the accession of the UK industrial and technical area
will lead to a success.
On the political and institutional aspects can not be discussed,
treatment is thus limited to economic factors.
Also, the ( significant) consequences of British accession
to the association policy and trade policy towards
the countries of the so-called 'third world' are excluded.
2. Enkde economic backgrounds to re Eur @ ean integration efforts
, the interdependence of the European ~ TATES on eco-
3 See Th. Peeters and JP Abraham Benefits of membership for the UK economy,
Economic-Statistical Reports, 28 J anuary 1970, pp. 112-116.
4 See Opinion of the Commission to the Council of Ministers betreMende requests for
accession, op. 66. 442 DRS. JNF BAKER
nomic during the last ten y ears increased in any significant way.
Some figures may explain this development. Was
in 1958 the mutual trade of the West European countries
21.4% of total world trade in 1968 this percentage had risen
to 27.2o / 0. For the EEC countries these figures were 7.1 ~ / o
respectively 12.1 ° / o. 50ok if exports are related to bet
gross domestic product leads to the conclusion that the mutual
dependence has increased; it turns out that if only the
mutual trade within the EEC is taken into account the
contribution of exports to gross domestic product at current
market prices is increasing in these ten years from 4.5% to 7.6% .6
This increased interdependence obviously has consequences
for the economic policies of the government; as for example recently was
7 calculated that an increase in government spending of West Germany
with 5 ~ chine that her gross national
product in France increased by 1.5%, or approximately a quarter of
annual economic growth of this country. With is therefore no longer
defend the Government of the Federal Republic does not have to
worry about the repercussions of its economic policy
measures for partner countries.
In the monetary field this increased also
important and miter reaching consequences. West German economic
politick, diei.hb, aimed at maintaining a stable domestic
price level (as reflected in the increase in efforts
to reduce prices to bet a few percent per year), as
in the past has already proved frustrated if the
main trading at a rapid rate of growth in
her re ~ el gross national product as target priority is
given up keeping the price level. as stable as possible
West Germany can not continually through revaluations
try to follow their own path. Apart from the objections
that presence of such a course of action for bet functioning of
the common market this politick is eventually no longer
be reconciled with the objective of monetary
union.
5 See GATT, International Trade x965, Gen ~ ve 1966 Table D and International
Trade z968, Gen ~ ve 1969 Table G.
See OECD, National Accounts o / OECD Countries x95o-68, Paris 1970 and
footnote 5.
7 See SA Resnick, An Empirical Study of Economic Policy in the Common Market, in
A. Ando et al, Studies in Economic Stabilization, The Brookings Institution, Washington
, 1968, pp. 184-214. ENGLAND AND THE EUROPEAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION 443
But even in the technical field is the need to reach a
larger Western European cooperation evident. The main reason
for this is the fact that in highly developed economiefin a continuation
of the growth of her income increasingly dependent
is of technical progress. In all Western European countries
has now reached the stage that is not so much the quantitative
growth of the labor force (which esp, in the Netherlands and France
is important) or the capital stock, but especially the qualitative
improvement due to more education and technical knowledge
and detoepassingen since the economic field growth
promotes bet income, s words, the future growth of income
is increasingly dependent on the one hand, an improvement in
the quality of the workforce by increasing her
level of education and of a better quality capital stock
by those with the results of the latest technical
linking inventions.
The relationship between technical progress and growth of income
is not one-sided; conversely, one can argue that an
increase in the market size due to the growth of her income
is a necessary condition for further technical
development. Especially rich countries with a large market can
extract relatively large resources to alternative destinations
and use it to improve education bet and
increase spending on research and development on a
wide range of areas. It is therefore no coincidence that a country
like the United States, a technical lead has managed to
obtain which some now worrying proportions
adopted, and also has resulted mainly US
companies so far the opportunities that the market expansion
in the European Economic Community offered,
have been able to exploit.
Economic integration, monetary integration, government policy and
technical development can therefore only in conjunction with
be seen rapid growth of the common market.
In her following a brief outline will be given of the
efforts hitherto been done to a common policy
t.av, scientific research and technical development
to come. It will not discuss the various
8 See EF Denison and JP Poullier, Why Growth Rates Dimer, Washington 1967. 444 DRS. JNF BAKER
attempts along intergovernmental way in these fields
to achieve; the history of this policy is well streams

Результаты (английский) 3:

THE ECONOMIST 113, NR. 5, 1970
ENGLAND AND THE EUROPEAN TECHNICAL
COOPERATION
BY
DRS. J. N. F. BAKKER
1. Introduction
On 30 june j.1. are a second the negotiations with the
United Kingdom on the accession to the European Economic
Community started. After a Commission opinion of
the European Communities to the Council of Ministers, 1 and the